Serological and molecular detection of leptospira spp in dogs

Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to detect anti-Leptospira spp antibodies and Leptospira DNA in domestic dogs. METHODS: Blood and urine from 106 dogs were evaluated by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. RESULTS: Six (5.7%) and one (1%) animals were positive by MAT and PCR, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results show a low prevalence of infection by Leptospira spp. The absence of positive results for the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup indicates the small relevance of these dogs as sources of human leptospirosis.

Kinetics of rabies antibodies as a strategy for canine active immunization

Rabies, a zoonosis found throughout the globe, is caused by a virus of the Lyssavirus genus. The disease is transmitted to humans through the inoculation of the virus present in the saliva of infected mammals. Since its prognosis is usually fatal for humans, nationwide public campaigns to vaccinate dogs and cats against rabies aim to break the epidemiological link between the virus and its reservoirs in Brazil. During 12 months we evaluated the active immunity of dogs first vaccinated (booster shot at 30 days after first vaccination) against rabies using the Fuenzalida-Palácios modified vaccine in the urban area of Botucatu city, São Pauto state, Brazil. Of the analyzed dogs, 54.7% maintained protective titers (≥0.5 IU/mL) for 360 days after the first vaccination whereas 51.5% during all the study period. The present results suggest a new vaccination schedule for dogs that have never been vaccinated. In addition to the first dose of vaccine, two others are recommended: the second at 30 days after the first and the third dose at 180 days after the first for the maintenance of protective titers during 12 months.

Kinetics of rabies antibodies as a strategy for canine active immunization

Background Rabies, a zoonosis found throughout the globe, is caused by a virus of theLyssavirus genus. The disease is transmitted to humans through the inoculation of the virus present in the saliva of infected mammals. Since its prognosis is usually fatal for humans, nationwide public campaigns to vaccinate dogs and cats against rabies aim to break the epidemiological link between the virus and its reservoirs in Brazil.Findings During 12 months we evaluated the active immunity of dogs first vaccinated (booster shot at 30 days after first vaccination) against rabies using the Fuenzalida-Palácios modified vaccine in the urban area of Botucatu city, São Pauto state, Brazil. Of the analyzed dogs, 54.7% maintained protective titers (≥0.5 IU/mL) for 360 days after the first vaccination whereas 51.5% during all the study period.Conclusions The present results suggest a new vaccination schedule for dogs that have never been vaccinated. In addition to the first dose of vaccine, two others are recommended: the second at 30 days after the first and the third dose at 180 days after the first for the maintenance of protective titers during 12 months.(AU)

Estudo do destino dos cães no canil municipal de Botucatu antes e após a Lei nº 12916 que dispõe sobre o controle da reprodução de cães / Study of the destination of dogs in the municipal kennel of Botucatu before and after the Law n° 12916 which establishes the control of dog reproduction / Estudio del destino de los perros en la perrera municipal de Botucatu antes y después de la Ley n° 12916 que establece el control de reproducción canina

Apesar do recolhimento de cães em via pública, domicílios ou do acolhimento pelos Centros de Controle de Zoonoses ser uma prática adotada que não controla a população canina, é uma atividade considerada medida primária e complementar de controle de zoonoses. O excedente populacional canino, além de sua importância na cadeia de transmissão de diversas doenças, representa também problemas em decorrência das agressões, acidentes de trânsito e impactos ambientais. Considerando a falta de informações sobre a dinâmica do destino de cães em canis após a Lei Estadual número 12.916/08 (dispõe sobre o controle da reprodução de cães e dá providências correlatas), o presente trabalho objetivou analisar o destino dos cães recolhidos pela Prefeitura Municipal de Botucatu e transportados ao Canil Municipal e também os doados pela população, comparativamente antes e depois da implementação da Lei. Foram analisadas 4038 fichas de entrada de cães do Canil, as quais foram armazenadas no banco de dados gerados pela planilha EXCEL e analisados por meio de Censo. Antes da Lei, eram eutanasiados 2193 (70%) cães e após, 639 (69%), percentualmente os valores são similares, entretanto, há uma diferença de 1557 cães eutanasiados. Esta diferença pode ser explicada pelos cuidados médicos veterinários oferecidos aos cães recolhidos, após a Lei, para posterior adoção, uma vez que antes a única medida adotada era a eutanásia. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a Lei impôs mudanças nos procedimentos no Canil, principalmente a diminuição do número de eutanásias realizadas, consequentemente aumentou a permanência desses animais. Também os motivos predominantes para o recolhimento dos cães.

Despite the gathering of dogs on public streets, homes and by the Centers for Zoonoses Control is a practice adopted that does not control the dog population, it is an activity considered as primary and supplementary of the zoonoses control. The canine surplus population, besides the important role in the chain of transmission of various diseases, is also due to problems of aggressions, traffic accidents and environmental impacts. Considering the lack of information on the dynamics destination of dogs in kennels after the State Law number 12.916/08 (provides for the control of dog reproduction and gives related provisions), the present study aimed to analyze the destination of dogs gathered by the Municipality Botucatu and transported to the Municipal Kennel and also donated by the population comparison before and after the implementation of the Law. Were analyzed 4038 input records of the dogs of the kennel, which were stored in the database generated by EXCEL spreadsheet and analyzed through Census. Before the Law, were euthanized 2193 (70%) and after 639 dogs (69%), percentage terms values are similar, however, there is a difference of 1557 dogs euthanized. This difference can be explained by the veterinary medical care offered to dogs gathered after the Law, for subsequent adoption. Since before the only measure taken was euthanasia. The results concluded that the law imposes considerable changes in behaviors and procedures performed in the kennel, especially the decrease in the number of euthanized dogs and the adoption of more selective criteria for the gathering of dogs on public roads.

A pesar de la recogida de perros en las calles, domicilios y la acogida por el Centro de Control de Zoonosis no ser una práctica adoptada para controlar la población de perros, es una actividad que se considera medida primaria y complementaria para controlar las zoonosis. El exceso de población canina, y su importancia en la cadena transmisión de diversas enfermedades también representa problemas como consecuencia de las agresiones, accidentes de tránsito e impactos ambientales. Teniendo en cuenta la falta de información sobre la dinámica del destino de los perros en las perreras después de la Ley del Estado número 12.916/08 (que dispone sobre control de reproducción canina y disposiciones conexas), el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el destino de los perros de la Intendencia Municipal de Botucatu y transportados a la perrera Municipal, y también los donados por la población en comparación anterior y posterior a la implementación de la ley. Fueron analizadas 4038 fichas de entrada de perros en la perrera, las cuales se almacenaron en la base de datos generada en EXCEL y analizadas mediante Censo. Antes de la ley, fueron sacrificados 2193 (70%) perros y después de la ley, 639 (69%); los valores porcentuales son similares, sin embargo, hay una diferencia de 1.557 perros eutanasiados. Esta diferencia se explica por la atención médica veterinaria que se ofrece a los perros recogidos después de la ley para su posterior adopción, una vez que antes la única medida tomada era la eutanasia. Los resultados concluyeron que la ley impuso cambios en los procedimientos en la perrera, principalmente para reducir el número de perros eutanasiados, como consecuencia, se incrementó la permanencia de estos animales. También las razones predominantes para la recogida de los perros de las calles son los que tenían algún tipo de riesgo para la población.

Raiva: origem, importância e aspectos históricos / Rabies: origin, importance and historical aspects

A raiva foi descrita pelo menos há 4 milênios e é uma das zoonoses mais antigas que se tem conhecimento. Todos os mamíferos possuem células competentes para a replicação viral, sendo estes os únicos suscetíveis ao vírus e os únicos capazes de transmiti-lo. Devido a sua evolução letal, ao elevado número de casos em humanos bem como de pessoas submetidas anualmente a tratamentos rábicos pós-exposição, a raiva continua sendo um problema mundial de saúde pública. A falta de sistemas adequados de informação e vigilância epidemiológica, na maioria dos países, não permite o conhecimento da real magnitude do problema. O período histórico da raiva é longo, pois desde Aristóteles essa doença já era considerada como enfermidade contagiosa e, devido à mordedura de cães, era temida e conhecida como uma doença letal. Louis Pasteur proporcionou enorme progresso, que alcançou seu ponto culminante com a primeira vacinação de um ser humano em 1885, bem como a criação do Instituto Pasteur de Paris, em 1888. A cronologia da história natural da raiva nessa revisão demonstra os avanços nos descobrimentos sobre a doença desde sua origem.

Rabies was described at least 4 millennia ago and is one of the oldest zoonosis. All mammals have cells which are responsible for viral replication, and they are the only ones susceptible to the virus and capable of transmitting it. Due to its lethal evolution, high number of human cases, as well as individuals yearly submitted to post-exposure rabies treatment, rabies remains a worldwide public health problem. The lack of adequate information systems and epidemiological surveillance in most countries does not allow us to know the true magnitude of the problem. The historical period of rabies is extended, because since Aristóteles, it was already considered a contagious disease and because of the bite of dogs, it was feared and known as a lethal disease. Louis Pasteur has provided a major breakthrough, which reached its climax with the first vaccination of a human being in 1885, as well as the creation of the Pasteur Institute in Paris in 1888. The chronology of reabies natural history in this review demonstrates the development in discoveries about the disease since its origin.